第三篇：Leadership Literature

　　原文出自《BUSINESS INSIDER》http://www.businessinsider.com/3-signs-youre-a-true-leader-2013-6?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+businessinsider+(Business+Insider)

　　61.B

　　What does the author think the leaders he knows?

　　A. Many of them are used to taking charge.(他們中的很多人習(xí)慣于掌控)

　　B. Few of them are equal to their positions.(他們中很少有人配得上自己的職位)

　　C. Many of them fail to fully develop their potential.(他們中的很多人沒有完全開發(fā)自己的潛力)

　　D. Few of them are familiar with leadership literature.(他們中很少有人熟悉領(lǐng)導(dǎo)手冊)

　　題目問作者是如何看待他所認識的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的。通過順序原則和定位詞the leaders he knows可以找到文章第二段的第一句，I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who are sadly incompetent and seriously misguided about their own abilities.注意這句話里的way并不是我們所熟知的名詞含義“方法”，而是一個程度副詞，類似于“相當(dāng)?shù)亍�。這句話的大致意思就是“相比于那些真正高效的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，我見到更多的是處在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的位置卻卻總是被自己的無能給蒙蔽的人”。B選項即為這句話的同義改寫。

　　62.A

　　Why are some people eager to grab leadership positions?

　　A. They believe they have the natural gift to lead.(他們認為自己有天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能)

　　B. They believe in what leadership literature says.(他們相信領(lǐng)導(dǎo)手冊說的東西)

　　C. They have proved competent in many situations.(他們在很多情況下都被證明是無能的)

　　D. They derive great satisfaction from being leaders.(他們在做領(lǐng)導(dǎo)時感受到極度的不滿)

　　題目問為什么很多人總是熱衷于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職位。這道題是因果細節(jié)題，常規(guī)的解決方法是通過題干路標(biāo)詞定位，再在定位句附近尋找因果邏輯詞鎖定答案。通過grab leadership position定位到第四段第二句Whether it’s a decision-making session, a basketball game, a family outing, they can’t help grabbing the lead dog position and cling to it for dear life. 這句話意思不難理解，說的就是很多人領(lǐng)導(dǎo)欲很強不管是在什么場合之下。往后一句話直接道破了他們這樣做的原因。They believe they are natural born leaders. A選項同義改寫，為正選。

　　63.D

　　What characterizes a great leader according to the author?

　　A. Being able to take prompt action when chances present themselves.(當(dāng)機會自己出現(xiàn)時能做出及時的反應(yīng))

　　B. Having a whole-hearted dedication to their divine responsibilities.(全身心地奉獻給他們神圣的責(zé)任)

　　C. Having a full understanding of their own merits and weaknesses.(對自己的優(yōu)點和缺點有深刻的理解)

　　D. Being able to assess the situation carefully before taking charge.(能在掌控之前仔細評估形勢)

　　題目問根據(jù)作者，什么最能夠用來形容一個成功的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。通過great leaders直接定位到文章第五段第四句。A great leader will assess each situation on its merits, and will only take charge when their position, the situation, and/or the needs of the moment demand it.這句話很明顯就是作者對于成功領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的描述，所以答案不言而喻，一個成功的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者懂得審時度勢，再決定是否應(yīng)該掌控一切。所以D為正選。

　　64.B

　　How will many business executives respond when their command fails to generate action?

　　A. They reassess the situation at hand.(他們會重新估計當(dāng)下的形勢)

　　B. They become impatient and rude.(他們變的不耐煩和粗魯)

　　C. They resort to any tool available.(他們會使用任何可用的工具)

　　D. They blame their team members.(他們會埋怨自己的團隊成員)

　　題目問當(dāng)命令沒有落實到行動時，很多經(jīng)理是如何反應(yīng)的。通過many business executives 定位到第六段第一句話，Many business executives confuse leadership with action. 這句話并沒有直接體現(xiàn)答案，所以我們可以適當(dāng)?shù)赝�后讀。第三句話寫到Faced with any situation can’t be solved by the sheer force of activity, they generate a dust cloud of impatience.意思是“當(dāng)遇到?jīng)]法全憑行動來解決的問題時，他們就會變得極度不耐煩”。這句話基本對應(yīng)了B選項的impatient，但是還不夠。再往后一句話，Their one leadership tool is volume: if they think you are not working as hard as they think you should, their demands become increasingly louder and harsher. “聲音是他們的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)工具之一，如果他們認為你沒有像他們期望的那么努力工作，他們的命令就會變得越來越大聲和刺耳”。這一句話對應(yīng)的是B里的rude。所以B為正選。

　　65.C

　　What is the author’s advice to leaders?

　　A. Concentrate on one specific task at a time.(同時只專注于一個特定的任務(wù))

　　B. Use different tools to achieve different goals.(用不同的工具來實現(xiàn)不同的目標(biāo))

　　C. Build up s strong team to achieve their goals.(建立一個強大的團隊來實現(xiàn)他們的目標(biāo))

　　D. Show determination when faced with tough tasks.(面臨艱巨的任務(wù)時體現(xiàn)出強烈的決心)

　　題目問作者對于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的建議是什么。做完前面四道題還有最后兩段話沒有用于定位，所以完全可以把兩段話都快速讀一遍。本題的答案出自最后一句話。A true leader is someone who develops his or her team so that they can and do hit their targets and achieve their goals. C選項就是整句話的同義改寫，為正選。ABD均為無中生有。

　　第四篇：Millennials

　　61.D

　　What does the author of the passage think of Millennials?

　　A. They show little interest in entertainment.(他們對于娛樂活動沒什么興趣)

　　B. They are not confident about their ability.(他們對自己的能力不自信)

　　C. They enjoy an easy life due to high technology.(因為高科技他們能享受輕松的生活)

　　D. They may not have bright prospects for success.(他們可能不會有成功的希望)

　　題目問作者如何看待“千禧一代”的。這篇文章比較特殊，幾乎每個題里都有Millennials這個詞，所以很難用它來進行準(zhǔn)確地定位，我們只能依靠順序原則按照段落一段一段地去找答案。文章第一段話提到一個人叫作Joel Stein的人，他認為Millennials這一代人的還是有潛力的，但第二段的開頭作者說到I hesitate to share his optimism…說他對于分享這份樂觀有點猶豫，意味著他覺得他們這代人并不是optimistic的。D選項就是這句話的同義改寫。ABC屬于無中生有的干擾項。

　　62.B

　　How do Millennials feel about their life?

　　A. They can hardly do anything about it.(他們幾乎不能做任何事)

　　B. There is little in it to get excited about.(很少有能讓他們感覺興奮的事)

　　C. It is not as good as their parents’.(不如他們父母的生活好)

　　D. It is full of opportunities for success.(充滿了成功的機會)

　　這道題難度比較大，最關(guān)鍵的還是像第一題說的，很難進行定位，所以我們依然只能按照順序原則往下看。第二段的最后半句說…,yet we are more bored than ever before. 意思是“我們前所未有的無聊”，與B選項的…little in it to get excited about.完全對應(yīng)。再來看其他幾個選項，A，文章第五段首句說到But do Millennials respond to these economic troubles by doing whatever it takes to make ends meet? Hardly? 很多同學(xué)可能會腦一熱就選了這個答案，但問題是文章說的是“他們幾乎不會…”而選項則是“他們幾乎不能…”,這并不是一個概念。而且題目問的是他們的態(tài)度，A更像是描述一個現(xiàn)狀，所以A排除。再往后看，C選項出自于第四句話Millennials want to save the world, but they sit and wait for that world-changing opportunity to be handed to them. 意思是“這些人想要拯救世界但只是坐著等改變世界的機會自己降臨”。但D選項的full of并沒有在文中體現(xiàn)，所以也可以排除。C選項在最后一句有提及，Millennials may the first generation to have a lower standard of living than their parents…但此處是作者的評價而非Millennials自己的態(tài)度。C也排除。因此正選為B

　　63.C

　　In what way are Millennials different from previous generations according to Pew Research?

　　A. They spend less time socializing.(他們花很少的時間社交)

　　B. They are indifferent to others.(他們對別人漠不關(guān)心)

　　C. They do not value hard work.(他們不重視努力工作)

　　D. They are more independent.(他們更加獨立)

　　題目問根據(jù)Pew Research, Millennials在哪些方面不同于他們的先輩。通過路標(biāo)詞Pew Research直接定位到第五段的第二句，…the Millennial generation does not cite work ethic as distinctive of itself.意思就是這一輩人并不把努力工作當(dāng)作非常重要的事。鎖定C選項。

　　64.D

　　What should Millennials do according to the author?

　　A. Remain optimistic in face of adversity.(在面臨逆境時仍然保持樂觀)

　　B. Start a business as early as possible.(盡早開始創(chuàng)業(yè))

　　C. Make full use of new opportunities.(充分利用新的機會)

　　D. Take action to change their situation.(采取行動來改變他們的現(xiàn)狀)

　　題目問根據(jù)作者的說法，Millennials應(yīng)該怎么做。這道題的答案出自第五段第五句，Instead of working 2-3 jobs, launching a business, or doing what is takes to succeed, they retreat. 意思是“并沒有兼兩三份工作，也沒有開始創(chuàng)業(yè)或者做能讓他們成功的事，他們只是撤退�！蓖ㄟ^instead of 這個短語我們也應(yīng)該知道作者的態(tài)度是他們就應(yīng)該多找?guī)追莨ぷ鳎�開始創(chuàng)作或者做些別的事情。AC選項無中生有們可以排除。B里的start a business文中有提及但并沒有說as early as possible,也排除。所以D為正選。

　　65.B

　　Why are Millennials over-confident about themselves?

　　A. They have been spoiled by their parents.(他們被父母寵壞了)

　　B. They can always get whatever they expect.(他們想要什么就能得到什么)

　　C. They are misguided by management books.(他們被管理手冊誤導(dǎo)了)

　　D. They think they are young and energetic.(他們認為自己年輕而且精力充沛)

　　題目問什么Millennials那么自負。這道題相對簡單，按照順序原則定位到全文最后一句，Today’s young adults were raised by parents who made sure to boost their self-esteem at every turn, telling them they could achieve whatever they set their minds to, and handing out prizes for the sixth place. 句中self-esteem意為“自尊”，大致意思就是“父母會盡量保證自己能激勵孩子的自尊，告訴他們可以實現(xiàn)任何他們想做的事情。”B選項是這句話的同義改寫。所以正選為B。

　　第五篇：Hospitals

　　本文原文出處：2011年12月15號 紐約時報

　　http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/15/health/as-doctors-use-more-devices-potential-for-distraction-grows.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1&ref=todayspaper

　　56、A. To reduce medical error

　　根據(jù)四個有規(guī)律的選項信息可判斷這是不定式問目的的題目。先找到定位點，再在定位點附近找包含信息的不定式。根據(jù)題干信息，畫出定位詞“computers, smartphones and other devices”可以迅速定位到文章首段首句——“Hospitals, hoping to curb medical error, have invested heavily to put computers, smartphones and other devices into the hands of medical staff…”。其中“invested…into the hands of medical staff”就是題干“equip their staff with..”所同義改寫的部分。定位句中的插入語部分“hoping to curb medical error”即要找的不定式，對比原文和選項，“curb”是抑制的意思，選項中的“reduce”是對它的同義改寫，最后選A——to reduce medical error。

　　57、C. The problem of devices preventing doctors from focusing on their patients.

　　例證題。按題干定位詞“distracted doctoring”定位在第三段。而distracted doctoring所描述的是第三段首句的“this phenomenon”，講的是第二段中所例證的phenomenon，所以答案往上一段找。第二段首句舉例說明了隨之而來的“side effect”——“doctors and nurses can be focused on the screen and not the patient”、“admitted texting during a procedure”，可見作者通過說“distracted doctoring”是想說明devices的“side effect”，即C選項。

　　58 、B. Doctors’ interaction with their devices may endanger patients’ lives.

　　根據(jù)題干信息“Dr. Peter Papadakos”定位在文章第四段和第五段，其中都包含了DPP這個人所說的話。第四段說到把devices帶到醫(yī)院“to do medical records”，同時也可以上網(wǎng)、看臉書，而且這些會更加的“tempting”;第五段說道自己的“fut feeling”即“worry”是“l(fā)ives are in danger”�？偨Y(jié)兩段的表述，devices對醫(yī)生的吸引以及病人生命危在旦夕，即可選出B選項。

　　59、C . Data is given too much importance in patient care.

　　因果題。根據(jù)題干信息問的是“why”——原因，因此要確定找到定位點附近的因果詞，判斷孰因孰果選出答案。根據(jù)題干“increasing pressure”定位在文章第七段最后一行最后一句，根據(jù)金三句原則——定位句本身以及前句和后句，找到第八段首句“The pressure stems from”——“這種壓力源自…”即答案在這個后面。根據(jù)這里所說的patient care must be data driven可選出答案為C。

　　60、B. They focus their attention on the patient's condition.

　　根據(jù)題干信息Peter Carmel以及順序原則定位到最后一段，而對“doctors”的“advice”應(yīng)該在末段末句的后半部分“but he added that doctors’ first priority should be with the patient”，即對醫(yī)生的建議擺在首位的一定是“patient”，四個選項中跟patient相關(guān)的只有選項B，其他均未提及。

　　第六篇：Woman and Man

　　本文原文出處：2013年2月21日 華盛頓郵報

　　http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-leadership/why-our-brightest-female-graduates-are-still-at-a-disadvantage/2013/02/21/68cb192a-7c5a-11e2-82e8-61a46c2cde3d_story_1.html

　　56、C. they feel obliged to take care of their kids at home

　　文章第一段大致說明了“women earn less than men”的現(xiàn)象，而由題干中的“traditionally”定位到文章第二段�！癆ll the traditional reasons…women fall behind when they leave the workforce to raise kids…”，由此可選出C選項，核心原因是kids。

　　57、B. It does not consider the economic impact on graduates.

　　由題干信息America’s higher education system定位在第三段落最后一句“…h(huán)igher education system is not designed to focus on the economic consequences of our students’ year on campus”。選項中跟economic consequences相關(guān)的選項只有B選項，“economic impact”是對原文“economic consequences”的同義改寫。

　　58 、A. It is different for male and female students.

　　由題干的“today”定位到第四段的“now”。第四段中“… one might think the college campus is a pretty equal place. It is not.”，繼而舉例論證campus中男女學(xué)生的不同待遇， “They enroll in different kinds of classes…”,因此答案選A。

　　59、D. They don't perform as well as they did in high school.

　　文中第四段有：studies show that while girls do better than boys in high school, they start to trail off during their college years.重點在于動詞詞組，trail off 有漸漸減弱的意思，在這里明顯是指女生到了大學(xué)后表現(xiàn)開始不如高中，C選項don't perform as well as they did in high school即是表示的這個意思。即使不知道trail off 的意思也可以通過句首連詞while，來判斷出下一句為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。從而知道是在大學(xué)表現(xiàn)變差。

　　60、A. Woman are too worn out to be ambitious.

　　題干問作者對于男人女人間“pay gap”的解釋，根據(jù)順序原則定位到文章末段，最后一句“No wonder they are not negotiation for higher salaries as soon as they get out of school”的原因是“They are too exhausted, and too scared of failing”，由此對比選項，“Women are too worn out to be ambitious”是更為貼近原文主旨的選線，因此選A。

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