三、詞語的使用

　　選 詞

　　多用近義詞

　　make　　　　　　　　　 manufacture
　　buy 　　　　　　　　　   purchase
　　finish　　　　　　　　　  accomplish
　　end　　　　　　　　　　 terminate
　　use 　　　　　　　　　　utilize
　　love　　　　　　　　　　affection
　　agree　　　　　　　　　   accord
　　discussion　　　　　　      controversy
　　tell 　　　　　　　　         inform
　　enough　　　　　　　　　sufficient
　　speed　　　　　　　　　  velocity
　　car　　　　　　　　　　   vehicle
　　open 　　　　　　　　　  unclose
　　choice　　　　　　　　　 alternative
　　She is not a friend but a nodding acquaintance.

　　區(qū)分具體與抽象的詞

　　詞從語義上可分為具體與抽象兩種類別，例如：

　　抽象　　　　　　　　　　 具體

　　good　　　　　　　　　　  kind, honest, generous, warm-hearted, selfless, friendly

　　laugh 　　　　　　　　　　smile, chuckle, snigger

　　scientist 　　　　　　　　   physicist, biologist, chemist

　　fish　　　　　　　　　　   shark, salmon, perch, eel

　　tree 　　　　　　　　　　 shrub, bush, pollard, oak, plane, pine, willow

　　抽象詞意范圍大，概括力強，但給人以空洞的感覺，適合于文章的開頭和結尾等總結性部分。具體詞意義有針對性、個性和精確性，給人以確切的概念，適合用于段落中細節(jié)的刻畫，論點的闡述以及事物的描寫。如果用抽象的詞來表達具體的事物，便會給人籠統(tǒng)的感覺：

　　a. 抽象: The man is good.

　　具體: The man is selfless.

　　b. 抽象: There are three men in the room.

　　具體: There are three little boys in the room.

　　善于使用代詞

　　A scientist draws conclusions by studying the facts he collects.

　　Such symbols as are used to represent chemical elements should be firmly kept in mind.

　　四、句式變換

　　在了解組織句子的四個特點之后，我們重點看一下句子組織形式的多樣化，即在120-150詞內，盡量使用不同的句子形式，常用的句型如下：

　　主語從句
　　定語從句 (限定性和非限定性)
　　狀語從句 (時間，原因，地點，條件，讓步等)
　　分詞短語做定語或狀語
　　強調句
　　倒裝句
　　省略句
　　What句型
　　設問句

　　主語和主語從句

　　名詞、代詞、動名詞、不定式以及名詞性從句都可以作主語。后三種，學生在寫作時用起來不是很熟練，但卻很有價值，可以在很大程度上提高語言質量。下面我們看幾組例句：

　　動名詞作主語

　　Listening to some light music will help you calm down.

　　Talking to a person like him is just like talking to a deaf.

　　不定式作主語

　　To see is to believe.

　　To help others is to help yourself in a sense.

　　To see things as they are, to go right to the right point, to disentangle a skein of thought, to detect what is sophistical, and to discard what is irrelevant is after all, what a university training should be aiming at.

　　主語從句

　　主語從句一般由what, who, which, why, how, when, which, whether…or…等引導，這些名詞性從句作主語時，我們稱之為主語從句。

　　Why he would reject such a good offer remained unknown all these years.

　　Whether we can succeed or not depends upon our efforts.

　　What you have done for us will be in our memory for ever.

　　當句子的實際主語太長時，英語習慣用先行代詞it作形式主語，然后再引出真正的主語

　　It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy.

　　And with our current methods, it is hard to estimate the loss in environmental terms as many negative results may take decades to emerge.

　　其他常用先行代詞it作形式主語的句型還有;

　　It is self-evident that… 很明顯的是
　　It goes without saying that… 不用說
　　It is asserted that... 有人主張……
　　It is believed that... 據(jù)信……
　　It is generally considered that... 人們普遍認為……
　　It is hoped that... 人們希望……
　　It is reported that... 據(jù)報道……
　　It is said that... 據(jù)說……
　　It is supposed that... 據(jù)推測...
　　It is well-known that... 眾所周知……
　　It must be admitted that... 必須承認……
　　It cannot be denied that… 不可否認……
　　It must be pointed out that... 需指出的是……
　　It was told that... 據(jù)傳……
　　It will be said that... 有人會說……
　　It follows that… 由此可見
　　It is inappropriate that… ……是不合適的

　　賓語從句

　　賓語從句是置于謂語動詞之后的名詞性從句。大家來看下面幾個例子：

　　1、They believe that the central government’s decision to develop the western part of the country and the success of Beijing’s bid to host the 2008 Olympics will open up further opportunities for a boom in the regional aviation market.

　　2、We cannot understand why they are so cruel to their beloved parents.

　　3、Experience from foreign countries suggests that no aircraft manufacturers can survive depending only on their domestic market.

　　寫作中常用的跟賓語從句的謂語動詞以主語是We舉例如下：

　　We assume that… 我們設想、假設……
　　We suggest that… 我們認為、建議……
　　We hold/maintain/ that… 我們認為……
　　We stress that… 我們強調……
　　We admit that… 我們承認……
　　We deny that… 我們否認……
　　We hope that… 我們希望……
　　We discover that… 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)……
　　We recommend that… 我們推薦、建議……
　　We mention that… 我們提到……

　　表語從句

　　表語從句是主語+系動詞+從句所構成的語句，其中系動詞包括三類：

　　n be的其各種形式;

　　n 表示變化的詞如go, become, turn;

　　n 表示感覺的詞，常有“……起來”的含義如feel, smell, taste, look, sound等。

　　大家看下面的例句：

　　That is why so many people want to work in the government.
　　This is where she lived when she was young.
　　Quality is what counts most.
　　The problem is not who will go, but who will stay.
　　The assumption is that things will improve.
　　That is how we beat them in the contest.
　　What he wants to know is if you may agree.
　　What we want to know is whether the government may take measures to tackle this problem.
　　The question is which one you may choose.

　　倒裝句式

　　倒裝句式是指主語和謂語或表語動詞的位置顛倒，又分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝。

　　部分倒裝是指謂語中的一部分，如助動詞do, does, did, can, may, should, ought to, must, have, 系動詞be等放在主語前面，其余部分包括謂語動詞仍在主語后面。

　　部分倒裝的情況：

　　l 虛擬語氣的條件句，省略if，同時將had, were, should提到主語之前

　　Were it not for your help, we couldn’t have arrived there.

　　l so/such...that用于句首時，后面要倒裝

　　So little did he know about the subject that he had to stay up preparing for the exam.

　　l as, though, no matter how (what), however引導讓步狀語時，從句需倒裝

　　Young as he is, he has accomplished a lot.

　　However cold it is, he will go swimming in the lake.

　　l 用于so, neither, nor后面

　　He didn’t go to the concert, neither did his family.

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